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In this site we have seen how a product contributes to various impacts through its life cycle. But we haven't seen how the emissions and environmental impacts can be quantified or how the products can be improved in order to reduce the environmental impacts. To do so, please have a look at www.howproductsimpact.net/box; a site in this series presenting a
To learn more about Life Cycle Assessment and design of environmentally friendly products, please see the references below.
Books:
Ciambrone, D.F.(1997): Environmental life cycle analysis. Lewis publishers. ISBN 1-56670-214-3.
Curan, M.A. (1996): Environmental life-cycle assessment. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-015063-x
Graedel., T.E. (1998): Streamlined life-cycle assessment. Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-607425-1.
Wenzel H, Hauschild M, Alting L. (1997): Environmental assessment of products. Volume 1: methodology, tools and case studies in product development. Chapman & Hall. ISBN 0-412-80800-5
Hauschild M, Wenzel H. (editors) (1998): Environmental assessment of products. Volume 2: scientific background. Chapman & Hall. ISBN 0-412-808-102.
Molina, A., Kusiaka, A. and Sanchez, J. (editors) (1998): Handbook of life cycle engineering - concepts, models and technologies. Kluwer Academic Publishers. ISBN 0-412-81250-9.
UNEP (1999):
Towards the Global Use of Life Cycle Assessment. United
Nations Publication. ISBN 92-807-1740-5. www.unepie.org/pc/sustain/home.htm
Weidema, B.P. (1997): Environmental assessment of products - a textbook on life cycle assessment. Finnish Association of Graduate Engineers. ISBN 952-5005-25-9
Journals:
The International Journal of Lifecycle Assessment
The Journal of Sustainable Product Design
Organizations:
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC)
United Nations Environment Program (Sustainable Product Development)
United Nations Environment Program (Sustainable Consumption)
US Environmental Protection Agency (LCA resources)
LCA software:
Life-Cycle
Advantage TM
KCL-ECO